The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World（ISBN=9780521827751） mobi 下载 网盘 caj lrf pdf txt 阿里云

　　From its mythical foundation in 753 BC to its sack in the

fifth century AD, the city of Rome had an impact on the world that

it would be hard to overestimate. At its height the empire which it

built up stretched from northern Britain to the deserts of Arabia.

In this new history an international team of historians,

archaeologists and classicists presents a vision of the world's

most famous imperial power based on the most up-to-date research

and discoveries. Chapters and box-features present gripping

accounts of Roman history and literature and deal with themes

ranging from medicine to warfare. They are supported by a rich set

of illustrations of sites, monuments and works of art from across

the Empire. Read together, these build up a fascinating picture of

a civilization permeated by its imperial role, and of the colossal

costs as well as the gains of empire.

Introduction

Part I. The Romans and their History: 1. Discovering Ancient Rome

Greg Woolf

2. The Republic Christopher Mackay

3. The Emperors David Potter

4. An imperial people Greg Woolf

5. Rome and Greece Greg Woolf

Part II. The Cultures of Empire: 6. Domination Emma Dench

7. An imperial metropolis Hazel Dodge and Jon Coulston

8. Empire of letters Simon Swain

9. An empire of cities Penelope Allison

10. Imperial science Rebecca Flemming

11. The gods of Empire Richard Lim

12. The profits of Empire Neville Morley

13. War and peace Ian Haynes

Timeline

Glossary of Latin terms

Who's who

Notable extant buildings and/or collections of art and

artefacts

Further reading

Greg Woolf has been Professor of Ancient History in the School of Classics of the University of St.Andrews,Scotland since 1998.He was educated at the University of Oxford and Cambridge and had Fellowships in both before moving to Scotland.He is the author of Becoming Roman - The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul(Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1998)and edited Literacy and power in the Ancient World(Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1994 with Alan Bowman)and Rome the Cosmopolis(Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,2003 with Catharine Edwards).He has published on a wide range of subjects including iron-age Prehistory,the Roman economy,Latin epigraphy and Roman religion.He is currently working on studies of Roman imperial culture and on religious creativity in the provinces.

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罗马共和国中，官职受两个基本原则控制：年任制和集体制。官员只能任该职务一年，而且组成平等者的委员会。正常情况下，官员每年选举，直接重新当选一个新的官职是被禁止的。在每个官员委员会中，一个同僚的行动也可能因为另一同僚的反对被禁止。两种规定都是为防止过多权力落入某一个人手中而设置的。

罗马国家的两个主要官员是执政官，他们拥有被称为治权的权力，据认为该权原由国王掌管。这一权力让他们拥有处死或者鞭打人的权力，但他们对罗马公民行使这些惩罚的权力日益受到限制。治权还授权其拥有者协调公民参军，并且在战斗中指挥军队，但附有下列限制：军事指挥权仅存在于罗马城意外的地方。罗马人没有其他独立的职业将军，因此所有军队都由拥有治权的官员统帅。

最后，执政官是唯一的官员，但随着时间的流逝，需要创建另外的职位。公元前367年，设立了裁判官。裁判官也有治权，虽然在地位上，人们认为它低于执政官。起初，裁判官是在执政官缺席在外指挥作战时管理罗马事务，但最终他在罗马公民法的发展中发挥了重要作用。约公元前244年，设立了第二个裁判官，这个官员最终负责处理所有涉及公民和外国人法律事务的案件。

当罗马获得海外行省时，设立了新的裁判官职位，到共和国末期，裁判官总数达到八人。罗马人总是不愿意增加该官员的数量，也许是因为每个裁判官都是执政官潜在的候选人，而执政官的数量总是固定为两个。治权延续制——一种缓解拥有治权的官员短缺的方法——首次于公元前327年被创建。由于在战役中中断一个成功官员的军事指挥权会造成不便，因而治权延续制使他得以保留治权，知道他返回罗马为止。通过这种方式，治权获得延续的官员被称为代执政官或者代裁判官。

忍耐力也是罗马在三次布匿战争中与迦太基对峙时表现出的主要特点，它是罗马在西部地中海最危险的敌人。公元前216年，即皮洛士死后大约60年，发生了坎奈 (Cannae) 之战，据说5万名罗马士兵及其盟军在一天中丧命于汉尼拔率领的迦太基军队手中。但是，罗马不仅拒绝谈判，而且拒绝赎回罗马战俘，甚至禁止战俘的家属私自筹钱赎回他们。罗马人没有求和，而是采取非常措施招募和武装部队，表现出了令人惊叹的决心。为了装备四个新的军团，他们拿走了神庙中用以炫耀的武器，这些武器是在以前的战争中缴获的；又购买了8000奴隶，让他们恢复自由并将他们征召入伍。这最后的举措特别令人嘱目：即使在这样艰难的境地中，罗马人仍然坚持某些标准，不肯接受奴隶代表他们作战的观念。经过几次战斗，罗马人终于报复了他们的迦太基敌人。在公元前202年的扎玛之战中，西庇阿•阿非利加在战场上彻底打败了非洲人。跟罗马人不同的是，迦太基人随后就准备求和了。

但是，从技术方面看，罗马世界几乎没有什么全新的发明。在以前尚未触及的生活领域几乎没有什么发明，如同最终在欧洲工业革命中出现的情况一样。相反，帝国对于较早的、先于罗马世界的技术进行了提高和完善。技术与社会和帝国同步发展，并没有超越它们。对于帝国的各项事业——军事、后勤和经济事业——所提出的特定的技术挑战，人们找到了巧妙的解决办法，但这些解决办法几乎没有得到概括。知识也随着帝国扩展，沿着罗马帝国的路线在系统化和综合化，但没有发生根本的改变，而当时的罗马世界真的不是一个激变的地方。

书籍介绍

From its mythical foundation in 753 BC to its fall in the fifth century AD, the city of Rome had an impact on the world that would be hard to overestimate. Written for the general reader by leading international scholars, this new illustrated history examines Rome's sense of self and its place in the wider world. It vividly explores a broad range of topics, including religion, Rome's relationship with Greece, warfare and Empire, and science and culture. Professor of Ancient History at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, Greg Woolf's research interests include all aspects of the cultural history of the Roman Empire, from food and patronage to literacy and the Roman economy. Woolf is a contributor to both the Cambridge Ancient History and the APA Classical Atlas projects as well as General Editor of the forthcoming History of the Ancient Mediterranean World.