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《国富国穷》批判和发展了亚当·斯密《国富论》的基本观点，将地理、历史、科技、哲学、宗教、国际政治和传统文化等因素揉合在一起，多层面地分析了财富创造、国家兴衰更替的根本原因，提出人类应该吸取历史教训，创造性地走出一条“人-自然-社会”协调发展的新路。

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“但对我来说，相对于善心而言，我更钟爱事实。”

曾经有可能超越欧洲成就的惟一文明是中国。至少，历史记载似乎反映了这一点。看一看中国发明的长名单就够了：独轮推车、马镫、硬马轭（预防窒息）、指南针、造纸、印刷、火药、陶瓷。然而，在技术和科学方面，中国仍然是一个谜一一尽管已故世的李约瑟和其他人作了大量信息收集的工作来澄清这个问题。例如，这些专家指出，中国的工业比欧洲要早得多；在纺织业上，中国在12世纪时己经用水力驱动的机械纺麻纤维，比英国工业革命知道水力纺纱机和走锭精纺机早500年，而在冶铁方面，我们被告知，中国早就懂得使用煤块和焦炭作为燃料，在风炉里熔解铁块，到11世纪末中国已年产125000吨生铁一700年之后英国才达到这个标准。谜在于中国未能实现其潜力。人们普遍认为，知识和学识是

逐步积累的：很显然，一旦一项先进技术为人所知、必将淘汰旧技术。然而，中国的产业历史却提供了一个技术埋没和倒退的例证。我们看到了中国计时技术的后退，同样，纺麻纤维的机械并未用于棉纺，后者从未达到机械化。而煤炭、焦炭冶铁也随着整个冶铁业弃置不用了。为什么呢？

Too much bathing was seen as a sign of dirtiness. Why would clean people have to wash so ofter? No matter. Personal hygiene changed drastically, so that commoners of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century often lived clearner than the kings and queens of a century earlier.

Gains to knowledge have not been evenly distributed, even within rich nations. We live in a world of inequality and diversity. This world is divided roughly into three kinds of nations: those that spend lots of money to keep their weight down; those whose people eat to live; ant those whose people don't know where the next meal is coming from.

The old division of the world into two powper blocs, East and West, has subsided. Now the big challenge and threat is the gap in wealth and health that separates rich and poor. These are ofter styled North and South, because the division is geographic; but a more accurate signifier would be the West and the Rest, because the division is also historic.

I propose to approach these problems historically...But I do so also because the best way to understand a problem is to ask: How and why did we get where we are? How did the rich countries get so rich? Why are the poor countries so poor?

书籍介绍

《国富国穷》批判和发展了亚当·斯密《国富论》的基本观点，将地理、历史、科技、哲学、宗教、国际政治和传统文化等因素揉合在一起，多层面地分析了财富创造、国家兴衰更替的根本原因，提出人类应该吸取历史教训，创造性地走出一条“人-自然-社会”协调发展的新路。