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This book explores the long-term forces shaping business

attitudes in the British and American cotton industries from the

eighteenth to the twentieth century. Mary Rose traces social,

political and developmental differences from the early stages of

industrialization. She demonstrates how firms become embedded in

networks, and evolve according to business values and strategies.

The book examines local and regional networks, the changing

competitive environment, community characteristics and national

differences. Rose's findings challenge traditional views with new

evidence that the character and achievements of each industry

uniquely reflect local circumstances and historical experience.

This is a critical synthesis of the multidisciplinary literature on

the cotton textile industries of two major industrial nations and a

study of the changing forces influencing decision making. An

important contribution to comparative business history, this book

will be of interest to graduates and scholars in all areas of

business and economic history.

Acknowledgements

1. Introduction: the evolution of two industries

Part I. The Culture of Business Networks 1750–1860:

2. Industrialisation and the cotton industry in Britain and the

United States

3. Family firms, networks and institutions to 1860

4. The management of labour to 1860

5. Networks and the evolution of government-industry relations to

1860

Part II. Continuity and Change:

6. Consolidation and change, 1860–1914

7. Prosperity and decay in war and peace, 1914–39

8. The turbulent years, 1939–80: the politics of decline

9. Conclusion

References

Index

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1860一1914年，英、美两国的棉纺织业都急剧扩张。然而，两国企业应对的内部和外部压力截然不同。在这一时期，英国依托广阔的海外殖民地市场，尤其印度市场，通过“外循环”迅速发展；而美国则依托“内循环”模式—甚至直到美国南北战争爆发时，美国国内仍几乎没有一家像样的棉纺织品出口商其扩张的主要动力来自广大且安全的国内市场。同时，为保护自身的市场规模不受外来“侵蚀”，美国的棉纺织业通过利益集团的游说，促使美国政府实行了高关税的保护政策。美国共和党人“通过两代人的努力，提倡保护性关税，作为独效药来医治工业沿袭下来的所有弊病”。在当时，越来越多的美国评论家相信，棉纺织业的生存依靠的是它所受到的保护程度，而不是其国际竞争力。第一次世界大战后，英、美两国的棉织品处于产能过剩状态。为了确保利润，20世纪30年代大西洋两岸的英、美工业家们再次纷纷求助于它们的政府，以确保各自共谋式的市场垄断行动合法化。

第二次世界大战后，在美国的推动下，世界贸易实现了国际自由化，但纺织品保护仍然是一个现实，在美国尤为突出。然而，20世纪70年代之后，随着自由贸易的比较优势理论的盛行，棉纺织业从英、美两国向海外迁移成为必然。这其中的原因，一是因为棉纺织业属于劳动密集型的低技术含量产业；二是美国棉纺织业向来以生产规模为导向，信奉古典的“供给自创需求”理论，难以向满足市场“需求侧”多样性的生产模式转变。仅1981-1984年，美国国内就有231家棉纺织工厂倒闭，美国南方的许多纺织中心成为“鬼城”。而英国棉纺织业的重要基地——兰开夏郡，在战后的衰落比美国来得更早、更急。

“三百年间同晓梦，钟山何处有龙盘？”

作为影响政府与企业关系的正式和非正式的规则体系，制度环境对于研究商业和商人期望的形成至关重要，有什么样的制度，就可以预见政治、法律和金融体系是如何运作的，以及企业间的关系和劳资关系。因此，它逐渐成为影响商业对策的主要因素（Davis and North 1971）。因为企业和它们所服务的市场“嵌入在政治和社会制度（和惯例）中，也是政府和政治（经济因素亦如此）形成中的产物”（Zysman1994：243）。然而，从言下之意看，制度环境不能脱离有着商业精英和劳动人民的社会结构，他们的价值观和行为既产生影响，也受其影响。

编辑推荐

 Comparative analysis of the organization and structure of

the cotton industry in Britain and the United States ? Spans a

two-hundred-year period ? A critical synthesis of the

multidisciplinary literature on the cotton textile industries of

two major industrial nations

书籍介绍

This book explores the long term forces shaping business attitudes in the British and American cotton industries from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. Mary Rose traces the social, political and developmental differences of the two nations, and examines local and regional networks, changing competitive environments, and community characteristics. She demonstrates how firms become embedded in networks, and evolve according to business values and strategies. An important contribution to comparative business history, this book will be of interest to graduates and scholars in all areas of business and economic history.