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'I should like to show here that the Ego is neither formally or materially in consciousness: it is outside, in the world.' Jean-Paul Sartre The Transcendence of the Ego is one of Jean-Paul Sartre's earliest philosophical publications and essential for understanding the trajectory of his work as a whole. When it first appeared in France in 1937 Sartre was still largely unknown, working as a school teacher in a provincial French town. Attacking prevailing philosophical theories head on, Sartre offers a brilliant and radical account of the self as a product of consciousness, situated in the world. He introduces many of the themes central to his major work, Being and Nothingness: the nature of consciousness, the problem of self-knowledge, other minds, and anguish. This translation includes a thorough and illuminating introduction by Sarah Richmond, placing Sartre's essay in its philosophical and historical context. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). The foremost French thinker and writer of the early post-war years. His books, which include Being and Nothingness, Nausea, The Age of Reason and No Exit have exerted enormous influence in philosophy, literature, politics and drama.

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认识，就是“向着什么闪现（s' elater）”，就是从潮湿的胃里挣脱出来流向另一边，流向我之外，流向不是我的、彼岸的东西；紧贴着树，可又在树之外，因为树逃离了我，把我向后推，而我既不能消失在它身上，它也不能溶解到我之中：我在它之外它在我之外。在这个描述中，你还没有认识到你的需求和预感吗？你当然知道树不是你，你不能使它进入你黑洞洞的胃，而且认识确实不能与占有相混淆。这时，意识也就变得纯净起来，干净得像二阵狂风，除了自己逃的运动和向自我之外的滑动之外，它之中就没有什么了。如果你居然进入某个意识“之中”，就会有一阵旋风把你抓住，将你抛到外面，贴在树上，抛到尘埃之中，因为意识并没有里面”，它本身只不过是外面的东西，正是这种绝对的逃逝，这种对成为实体的拒绝才使它成为意识。现在请想象一下连成系列的闪现，这些闪现使我们脱离了我们自己，甚至不让一个“我们自己”有时间在这我们之后自己形成，而是相反，把我们抛到这我们之外，抛到世界干燥的尘埃中，抛到崎岖不平的大地上，抛到事物中间。

For most philosophers, the Ego is an ‘inhabitant’ of consciousness. Some of them state that it is formally present at the heart of ‘Erlebnisse’, as an empty principle of unification. Others—psychologists, for the most part—claim they can discover its material presence, as a centre of desires and acts, in every moment of our psychical life. I should like to show here that the Ego is neither formally nor materially in consciousness: it is outside, in the world; it is a being in the world, like the Ego of another.

在此，我们把握了它的意义：“自我”是一个被感知的对象，但也是被反思科学构建的对象。这是统一的潜在的家园，而意识是在与真实制造过程所沿循的意义的相反意义上构建这个家园：真正占首要地位的，是各种意识，状态通过这些意识被建立起来，然后，“自我”通过这些状态被建立。但是，正如秩序被意识——这意识为自我逃避而在世界中被毒化——所推翻，意识被视作为来自状态，而状态则被视为是“自我”制造的。

“我”（Moi）就这样始终对我们是不可知的。这很容易理解：因为“我”（Moi）被规定为对象。因此，认识这个“我”的唯一方法就是观察、比较、等待、经历。但是，这些完全适合于非-内在的超越物的手段，在此却因为“我”（Moi）的内在性事实本身并不适用。“我”（Moi）过多地“在场”，这使我们不能够由之得到真正外在的观点。如果人们离开以退一步，那“我”（Moi）就伴随着我们一起后退。“我”（Moi）无限地靠近，我不能够包围“我”（Moi）。

意识的产生是由于意识面对这个“我”并且向着“我”、要与“我”结合。

但是，意识有可能在纯反思的层面上突然自我产生，这并非是说可能在没有“自我”的情况下进行，而是说意识像从各个方面避开“自我”，通过连续不断的创造在自身之外控制并支持“自我”。既然显像是一种绝对，那在这个层面就不再有可能和现实之间的区分。不再有障碍、界限，不再有任何向意识自身掩盖意识的东西。于是，意识发现了它的自发性的命运，一下子就焦虑起来：正是这绝对的、无可救药的焦虑、这对自我的惧怕向我们表现为纯意识的构建成分，正是这种焦虑提供了解开我们谈及的神经衰弱的慌乱的关键。如果我思的“我”（Je）是意识的最初结构，那这种焦虑就是不可能的。

书籍介绍

'I should like to show here that the Ego is neither formally or materially in consciousness: it is outside, in the world.' Jean-Paul Sartre The Transcendence of the Ego is one of Jean-Paul Sartre's earliest philosophical publications and essential for understanding the trajectory of his work as a whole. When it first appeared in France in 1937 Sartre was still largely unknown, working as a school teacher in a provincial French town. Attacking prevailing philosophical theories head on, Sartre offers a brilliant and radical account of the self as a product of consciousness, situated in the world. He introduces many of the themes central to his major work, Being and Nothingness: the nature of consciousness, the problem of self-knowledge, other minds, and anguish. This translation includes a thorough and illuminating introduction by Sarah Richmond, placing Sartre's essay in its philosophical and historical context. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). The foremost French thinker and writer of the early post-war years. His books, which include Being and Nothingness, Nausea, The Age of Reason and No Exit have exerted enormous influence in philosophy, literature, politics and drama.