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Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) was one of the most original and provocative thinkers of the nineteenth century. He spent a lifetime striving to understand the meaning of living in a world where suffering and death are ubiquitous. In his quest to solve "the ever-disquieting riddle of existence," Schopenhauer explored almost every dimension of human existence, developing a darkly compelling worldview that found deep resonance in contemporary literature, music, philosophy, and psychology. This is the first comprehensive biography of Schopenhauer written in English. Placing him in his historical and philosophical contexts, David E. Cartwright tells the story of Schopenhauer's life to convey the full range of his philosophy. He offers a fully documented portrait in which he explores Schopenhauer's fractured family life, his early formative influences, his critical loyalty to Kant, his personal interactions with Fichte and Goethe, his ambivalent relationship with Schelling, his contempt for Hegel, his struggle to make his philosophy known, and his reaction to his late-arriving fame. The Schopenhauer who emerges in this biography is the complex author of a philosophy that had a significant influence on figures as diverse as Samuel Beckett, Jorge Luis Borges, Emile Durkheim, Sigmund Freud, Thomas Hardy, Thomas Mann, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Preface

Acknowledgments

Notes on the Text

Chronology of

Schopenhauer's Life

and Works

The Affirmation of the Will

A Tour for a Trade

A Father's Death; A Philosopher's Birth

The University Years

The Better Consciousness, Causes, Grounds,

and Confrontations

Goethe, Colors, and Eastern Lights

The Single Thought of Dresden

Failure in Berlin

Ich Bin Kein Berliner

The Frankfurt Philosopher

The Dawn of Fame and the End of Life

Works Cited

Index

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”由不平、失败和不满引发的常规自杀，只不过是存在于与对生命而言是为不可或缺的自我之间内在冲突的最为显白的表达…自杀不能放弃意欲，但他却不再存活；他通过意欲，而非废除意欲本身，摧毁了意欲的表象。因此，自杀乃是最大的矛盾”。自杀是一种不愿再有欲望的意欲。

后来，叔本华将坚称，“所有色情均仅植根于性冲动本身”，“它[性冲动]毫不迟疑地携其糟粕强行闯入，干扰国家的谈判，干扰学者的研究”。性将人们捆绑于由奔流不息的时间所统治的世界，并将其与那个世界连在一起。性并未具有将人们提升而起超越于这个不幸世界之上的作用，实际恰恰相反。性也不可能是音乐这种促使消费者获得救赎的东西的源泉。赤身裸体的圣者可能--充其量--是个偷窥狂，他为恋人的性游戏所迷醉，并为它所携来的糟粕所毁灭。

他写道，生活是个玩笑，因为它所有的欢愉和痛苦都没有触及某个个人内在的和更好的自我。然而，却有一些人未能认识到这一点，他们对待生活太过严肃。因此，当出现不幸之时，一些人便过着充满罪恶的生活，并藉此试图滥用他们内在的和更好的自我。其他人则通过自杀显示出他们开不起玩笑：“因此，作为糟糕的玩家，他不能镇定自若地承受失败，但当有不好的牌发给他时，他便怒气冲冲又极不耐烦地拒绝玩下去，扔下牌，中断了游戏。”

除了生命之爱以外，它[性冲动门]在此似乎是所有动机当中最为奇特和最为活跃的，一刻不停地对人类中较为年轻的那一部分所拥有的力量和思想理直气壮地进行操控。它是几平所有人类努力的终极目的……它毫不退疑地携其槽粕强行入，并千扰政治家进行谈判，千扰学者进行探究。它知晓如何将它的求爱便条和长长的卷发偷偷塞入甚至是高官的公文包里和哲入的手写稿中。它天天都在酝酸和密诛最为恶劣和最令人为难的争吵和纠纷，推量为宝贵的关系，碎最为牢固的桎梏。它时而要求人们牺牲自己的生命和健康，时而又要求他们牺牲自己的财富、地位和幸福。事实上，它使那些先前可敬而正直的人天良丧尽，使那些曾经忠诚可信的人成为叛徒。

后来，叔本华宣称，自杀在某些特定情况下是无意识的：因为绝对无疑的是（正如日常经验所证明），绝大多数情况下，当人们固有的维持生命本能的巨大力量被沉重痛苦压倒时，他们便径直诉诸毁灭生命本身

绝望中的忘却之举：这是人类天性中如此奇怪的一项特质；人们不会相信未曾看见的东西。蒂克大致用以下的话语对此作出了绝妙的解释：“我们站立着，恸哭着，询问那曾比我们更不快乐的星星，此时，在我们身后站立着嘲弄着的未来，它嘲笑着人类转瞬即逝的痛苦。”但情况的确必定如此：没有任何东西必定常驻于转瞬即逝的生命之中。没有无尽的痛苦，没有永恒的欢乐，没有长久的轰动，没有持续的热情，没有能够压制生命的更高决定。一切都被流逝的时间粉碎消解。那些瞬间，那些由每一行为蜕变而成的小细节的难以计数的微粒，都是吞噬一切伟大和醒目之物的蠕虫。那可怕的日常生活，将所有向上奋争的事物向下猛推。生命中没有严肃的事物，因为尘埃并不值得费心。由于不幸的缘故，还能有什么永恒的激情？

书籍介绍

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) was one of the most original and provocative thinkers of the nineteenth century. He spent a lifetime striving to understand the meaning of living in a world where suffering and death are ubiquitous. In his quest to solve "the ever-disquieting riddle of existence," Schopenhauer explored almost every dimension of human existence, developing a darkly compelling worldview that found deep resonance in contemporary literature, music, philosophy, and psychology. This is the first comprehensive biography of Schopenhauer written in English. Placing him in his historical and philosophical contexts, David E. Cartwright tells the story of Schopenhauer's life to convey the full range of his philosophy. He offers a fully documented portrait in which he explores Schopenhauer's fractured family life, his early formative influences, his critical loyalty to Kant, his personal interactions with Fichte and Goethe, his ambivalent relationship with Schelling, his contempt for Hegel, his struggle to make his philosophy known, and his reaction to his late-arriving fame. The Schopenhauer who emerges in this biography is the complex author of a philosophy that had a significant influence on figures as diverse as Samuel Beckett, Jorge Luis Borges, Emile Durkheim, Sigmund Freud, Thomas Hardy, Thomas Mann, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Ludwig Wittgenstein.