MILITARY ERROR, THE(ISBN=9781590172995) 英文原版 mobi 下载 网盘 caj lrf pdf txt 阿里云

　　Why did George W. Bush invade Iraq? What were the real

motives, the overarching policy decisions that drove events from

September 11 until the war began?To a large extent, we still don’t

know. But by now we do know in some detail, as Thomas Powers

carefully explains in the essays collected here, how the

administration made its case for war, using faulty intelligence to

argue that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction and

posed a mounting threat to the Middle East. Once Iraq was occupied

and the weapons turned out not to exist, the case for war seemed to

disappear as well. Bit by bit the evidence–the documents suggesting

that Iraq was trying to buy yellowcake uranium in Niger, the

aluminum tubes that the United States claimed were meant for

uranium enrichment, the Iraqi defector code-named Curveball who

claimed Saddam had mobile biological weapons labs–has been exposed

as unreliable, misinterpreted, “cherry-picked,” exaggerated, or

just fake.But as faulty as the intelligence was, it was always only

a pretext, a way of persuading Congress, America, and the world to

support a war that President Bush had already decided to wage. The

real question remains: Why did Bush insist on a war of choice,

refusing to accept any solution short of an American occupation of

Iraq? The answers Powers proposes to that question, which assess

the Iraq invasion as an insistence on responding to political and

cultural conflicts with military action, suggest an overarching

failure of American policy in the region that, as long as it

remains insufficiently understood and publicly debated, will make

it difficult for any president to change course.No one is better

prepared than Powers to evaluate the way the Bush administration

used intelligence to make its case for war, used the CIA for

political ends, and used arguments of secrecy to advance both its

geopolitical agenda and its claims for executive power. But beyond

the now-familiar stories of nonexistent WMDs, The Military Error

proposes a new, deeper analysis of the error of using military

force, which has succeeded primarily in generating opposition and

increasing resistance to American aims. America went into Iraq full

of bright hopes and confident ideas, but Powers argues that those

ideas, based on the ability of force to solve problems, defeat

opponents, and make friends, were largely illusions. Such

illusions, as we learned at great cost in Vietnam, die hard, but we

can make decisions about our future role in Iraq only by

understanding the errors that got us embroiled there in the first

place.

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Why did George W. Bush invade Iraq? What were the real motives, the overarching policy decisions that drove events from September 11 until the war began?To a large extent, we still don’t know. But by now we do know in some detail, as Thomas Powers carefully explains in the essays collected here, how the administration made its case for war, using faulty intelligence to argue that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction and posed a mounting threat to the Middle East. Once Iraq was occupied and the weapons turned out not to exist, the case for war seemed to disappear as well. Bit by bit the evidence–the documents suggesting that Iraq was trying to buy yellowcake uranium in Niger, the aluminum tubes that the United States claimed were meant for uranium enrichment, the Iraqi defector code-named Curveball who claimed Saddam had mobile biological weapons labs–has been exposed as unreliable, misinterpreted, “cherry-picked,” exaggerated, or just fake.But as faulty as the intelligence was, it was always only a pretext, a way of persuading Congress, America, and the world to support a war that President Bush had already decided to wage. The real question remains: Why did Bush insist on a war of choice, refusing to accept any solution short of an American occupation of Iraq? The answers Powers proposes to that question, which assess the Iraq invasion as an insistence on responding to political and cultural conflicts with military action, suggest an overarching failure of American policy in the region that, as long as it remains insufficiently understood and publicly debated, will make it difficult for any president to change course.No one is better prepared than Powers to evaluate the way the Bush administration used intelligence to make its case for war, used the CIA for political ends, and used arguments of secrecy to advance both its geopolitical agenda and its claims for executive power. But beyond the now-familiar stories of nonexistent WMDs, The Military Error proposes a new, deeper analysis of the error of using military force, which has succeeded primarily in generating opposition and increasing resistance to American aims. America went into Iraq full of bright hopes and confident ideas, but Powers argues that those ideas, based on the ability of force to solve problems, defeat opponents, and make friends, were largely illusions. Such illusions, as we learned at great cost in Vietnam, die hard, but we can make decisions about our future role in Iraq only by understanding the errors that got us embroiled there in the first place.